Immigration and Exile

A captivating exploration of migration and exile experiences. From personal stories to broader social and political issues, these films provide a powerful and emotional glimpse into the complex realities of people leaving their homes behind. The collection shines a light on the resilience and courage necessary to face these challenges.

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The Immigration and Exile collection includes the following titles:

100 Ways to Cross the Border

Documentary United States, Mexico
An exploration of the 40-year career of performance artist Guillermo Gómez-Peña as he enacts interventions by “queering the border” — claiming all borders as queer and liminal spaces.

Adriana's Pact

El pacto de Adriana
Documentary Chile
As her family’s worst nightmare unfolds on screen, Lissette Orozco's Adriana’s Pact explors accounts by human rights organizations, colleagues, and the press, but....who is saying the truth? The film bridges the divide between emotion, memory, and history.

After Spring

Depois da primavera
Documentary Brazil
Syrian brothers Adel and Hadi Bakkour take to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to fight for democracy in the country where they found refuge.

Amerikanuak

Documentary Spain
More than half a century ago, many Basques left Spain to look for a better life working as sheepherders in the American West. In Amerikanuak, Nacho Reig looks at the lives of some of the last remaining Basque sheepherders in the United States.

Arid Zone

Zona árida
Documentary Brazil
Brazilian director Fernanda Pessoa was 15 years old and experienced being a foreign exchange student for one year in conservative Mesa, AR. Now she’s back to try to understand her experience.

Art21: Borderlands

Documentary United States
Five acclaimed artists create ambitious public artworks, photographs, sculptures and performances during one of the most divisive moments in the history of the U.S. and Mexico border.

Bad Hombres

Documentary The Netherlands
Journalist Stef Biemans travels between Guatemala and the U.S. during the first months of the Trump Administration, to see what the so-called ‘bad hombres’ hope to find in the U.S.

Before a Rooster Crows

Antes que cante el gallo
Drama, Fiction Puerto Rico
Carmín is a teenager who lives in Barranquitas, a mountainous village in the center of Puerto Rico, with her tough and conservative grandmother, dreaming to moving to the city with a mother whose planed do not include her.

Black in Latin America, Ep. 01 - Haiti & Dominican Republic: An Island Divided

Documentary, Series United States
In the Dominican Republic, Professor Gates explores how race has been socially constructed, while In Haiti, hear the story of the birth of the first-ever black republic.

Black in Latin America, Ep. 02 - Cuba: The Next Revolution

Documentary, Series United States
In Cuba, Gates finds out how the culture, religion, politics and music are linked to slave labor, and how race and racism have fared since Fidel Castro’s Communist revolution in 1959.

Black in Latin America, Ep. 03 Brazil: A Racial Paradise?

Documentary, Series United States
In Brazil, Professor Gates goes behind the façade of Carnival to discover how this “rainbow nation” is waking up to its legacy as the world’s largest slave economy.

Black in Latin America, Ep. 04 - Mexico & Peru: The Black Grandma in the Closet

Documentary, Series United States
In Mexico and Peru, Professor Gates explores the almost unknown history of slavory and the worlds of culture that their descendants have created.

Boston's Latin Quarter

Documentary United States
The Latin Quarter, a Latinx neighborhood in the middle of Jamaica Plain in Boston, serves as an example of community, resilience, and growth.

Calls from Moscow

Llamadas desde Moscú
Documentary Cuba, Germany, Norway
An apartment in Moscow becomes the stage for one day in the lives of four queer Cuban exiles, shortly before Putin’s invasion to Ukraine changes everything.

Chinese Take-Away

Un cuento chino
Comedy, Fiction Argentina
Argentina’s national treasure, Ricardo Darín, plays Roberto, a gruff, anti-social loner who lords over his tiny hardware shop in Buenos Aires with a meticulous sense of control and routine.

Courtroom 3H

Documentary Spain, United States
Shot in a single courtroom over the course of a month, the film takes viewers inside Florida’s Tallahassee Unified Family Court, which specializes in judicial cases involving minors. Cases of abuse, abandonment, and negligence are presided over with the express objective, under the law, to reunite families as quickly and safely as possible.

César's Grill

Grill de César, El
Documentary, Comedy Germany, Switzerland
To save his estranged father's restaurant, vegetarian Darío Aguirre returns to Ecuador, reluctantly helping rescue the failing carnivorous business.

Delicate Balance

Frágil equilibrio
Documentary Chile, Mexico, Spain, Uruguay, Japan
Centered around an extensive interview with Jose “Pepe” Mujica, the former President of Uruguay who gained notoriety on the world stage as a rare politician: one that lives according to the ideas and principles he preaches, Delicate Balance is a contemplative essay on the everyday reality of globalization.

Destierros

Documentary Canada
During the U.S. election, migrants from Central America are more than aware that it could be their last chance to cross the Mexican border into the States.

Diaspora Drums

Tambores da diáspora
Documentary, Musical Brazil
Using stories, batucadas, and songs, Diaspora Drums addresses a political and cultural vision embedded in the course of two African drums and their ramifications in Brazil.

Dreams of Chonta

Documentary, Musical Colombia, United States
Diego, an Afro-Colombian musician, leaves his family behind on the Pacific Coast of Colombia, and endures a solitary life as an undocumented immigrant and a minimum wage job at a cemetery all to become an ambassador of his music and culture in NY.

Elena

Documentary United States, Dominican Republic
When the Dominican Republic’s Supreme Court stripped the citizenship of anyone with Haitian parents, Elena becomes the face of the struggle against the opaque bureaucratic process and a racist, hostile society, to stay in a country built on the labor of her forefathers.

Everybody Leaves

Todos se van
Drama, Fiction, Romance Colombia, Cuba
A celebration of freedom and a confrontation of the authoritarian Cuban regime of the 1980s, which led to one of the country’s worst economic crises. The film is based on the award-winning novel by Cuban writer Wendy Guerra.

Exiles

Exilios
Documentary Spain, Mexico
Exiles reveals the lives of three artists who fled the Spanish Civil War to reinvent themselves in Mexico, making an impact on art and culture.

Extra Terrestres

Extra terrestres
Comedy, Drama, Fiction, Romance Venezuela, Puerto Rico
Teresa, an astrophysicist, goes back to her family in Puerto Rico to invite them to her wedding. This is not an easy task after years of tension, but a star 2.5 million light years away will help to bring them all together again.

Farrucas

Drama Spain, United States
Four teenagers proud of their Moroccan-Spanish background will see their self-confidence and friendship tested on the 18th birthday of one of them.

Fidel, Brave Child

Fidel, niño valente
Documentary Argentina, Paraguay
A Paraguayan migrant, Fidel rides a horse deep in the Argentine jungle. Wearing Maradona’s iconic number 10 jersey, he sets out on a quest to earn money and support his mother.

Fidelandia: Behind the Curtain of Cuba's Revolution

Documentary Cuba, United States
Fidelandia takes a look at the country’s culture post Fidel’s fifty-year reign, exploring how the youth deals with the influence of Western culture impacting the country by way of tourism, the use of illegal Internet, and television.

Freedom Is a Big Word: After Guantanamo

La libertad es una palabra grande
Documentary Uruguay
After 13 years in Guantánamo, Muhammad starts a new life in Uruguay. He’ll get a home and welfare for two years, then be on his own.

Green Screen Gringo

Documentary, Experimental The Netherlands
Behind a green screen, a foreigner finds his way in an enchanting, and yet turbulent, Brazil.

Guaraní

Drama, Fiction, Adventure Argentina, Paraguay
Part road movie and part coming-of-age drama, Guaraní portrays two generations of Paraguayans whose views of the world seem centuries apart. A long journey to Buenos Aires will make Atilio and Iara understand the real meaning of traditions and family bonds.

Guido Models

Documentary Argentina
Guido Fuentes runs a modeling agency out of one of Buenos Aires biggest slums. His dream is to achieve social integration in the world of fashion. With Sonia and Delia, his two more promising models, he embarks on a journey to realize his dream and change society’s perception.

HOME - The Country of Illusion

Home - El país de la ilusión
Documentary Colombia, Portugal
Lilia hasn't visited her birthplace, Colombia, in 40 years. After living in eight countries, her daughter is curious about her mother's homeland.

Heritage

Herencia
Documentary Spain
A showcase of modern Cuban culture and the centuries of history that precede it.

I Am the People: Venezuela Under Populism

El pueblo soy yo: Venezuela en populismo
Documentary Mexico, Venezuela
In a world increasingly less transparent, where the shortcut of populism lurks to endanger democracies, I Am The People: Venezuela Under Populism compels us to ask ourselves if any society, however stable, can be considered invulnerable to a populist irruption and its consequences. Populism isn’t an ideology. It’s a way of governing.

I Owe You a Letter About Brazil

Fico te devendo uma carta sobre o Brasil
Documentary Brazil
An investigation into the persistence of silence as a tool to erase memory in Brazil.

I am from Chile

I Am From Chile
Comedy, Drama, Fiction Chile
A coming of age story, I Am From Chile draws from the director’s personal experiences to tell a different kind of immigration story.

In Between

Aquí estamos
Documentary Spain
Examining the legal and moral dimensions of migrant camps in the Canary Islands, including legislation, health care, and geopolitical factors.

In Exile: A Family Film

Un exilio: película familiar
Documentary Mexico
In Exile: A Family Film tells some of the personal accounts that are intertwined with the shared history of Spain and Mexico from the time of Spanish King Alfonso XIII (1874-1923) through the present.

In a Foreign Land

En tierra extraña
Documentary Spain
The film portrays the experience of intra-European exile tackled by Spain’s highest-profile female director, Icíar Bollaín (Even the Rain, Take My Eyes).

Inner Borderlines

Visions of America Through the Eyes of Alejandro Morales
Documentary Spain
In a trip around Southern California, Alejandro Morales, a pioneer of Chicano culture, presents a unique vision of America, as he explores a variety of topics that concern the Chicano/Latino community.

It's All Good

Está todo bien
Documentary Germany, Venezuela
As the health system collapses, Venezuelans experience severe medicine shortages and have to cope with the country’s brutal reality.

Jaar. Lament of the Images

JAAR el lamento de las imágenes
Documentary Chile
Alfredo Jaar is one of the most uncompromising and innovative artists working today. To him, art is “the last place” of freedom, and he displays his work as an act of resistance.

La Frontera: Season 1, Episode 1 - Miles from Nowhere

Documentary, Series United States
Pati travels from El Paso and Ciudad Juarez to Big Bend National Park. She discovers the people, places, and food that make the culture and economy of the region distinct.

La Frontera: Season 1, Episode 2 - From Dos Laredos to Mars

Documentary, Series United States
Pati travels from Laredo and Nuevo Laredo to Brownsville, Texas. She learns how tight family bonds are an underlying theme connecting everything in the Laredos, and throughout La Frontera.

La Frontera: Season 2, Episode 1 - Fronterizos of the Golden Coast

Documentary, Series United States
Pati Jinich travels from San Diego and Tijuana to Mexicali. She meets the golden coast fronterizos to experience the melding of cultures, cross-border collaborations, and explosive growth.

La Frontera: Season 2, Episode 2 - Ancient Seeds & Desert Ghosts

Documentary, Series United States
Pati Jinich travels along both sides of the Arizona-Sonora border through some of the most untouched places in North America.

La Frontera: Season 2, Episode 3 - Back to the Middle

Documentary, Series United States
Pati Jinich travels from Nogales through the border region of New Mexico and Chihuahua, which offers some of the most unique and bio-diverse places in the world.

La Paz

Drama, Fiction Argentina, Bolivia
Liso returns to live with his parents after a stay at a psychiatric institution and strikes a relationship of mutual complicity with Sonia, the Bolivian maid.

Lake Los Angeles

Drama United States
A middle-aged Cuban man and a ten-year-old Mexican girl bond over being away from home in the hopeless back-drop that is Lake Los Angeles.

Land of My Children

Im Land Meiner Kinder
Documentary Germany, Switzerland
A tender-ironic road movie that traces Darío Aguirre's intertwined journey from the country of his fathers to the country of his children.

Landfall

Documentary United States
A journey of healing and resilience, delving into the power of reconnection and overcoming the lingering effects of mother-child separation at the border.

Latino Americans, Ep. 01 - Foreigners in Their Own Land

Documentary, Series United States
Survey the period of 1565-1880, as the first Spanish explorers enter North America, the U.S. expands into the Southwest territories, and war strips Mexico of half its territories.

Latino Americans, Ep. 02 - Empire of Dreams

Documentary, Series United States
See how the American population is reshaped by Latino immigration starting in 1880 and continuing into the 1940s.

Latino Americans, Ep. 03 - War and Peace

Documentary, Series United States
Trace the World War II years and those that follow, as Latin Americans serve their new country by the hundreds of thousands — yet face discrimination and fight for civil rights in the U.S.

Latino Americans, Ep. 04 - The New Latinos

Documentary, Series United States
Review the decades after World War II through the early 1960s, as swelling numbers of immigrants from Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic seek economic opportunities.

Latino Americans, Ep. 05 - Prejudice and Pride

Documentary, Series United States
Witness the creation of “Chicano” identity as labor leaders organize farm workers in California and activists push for better education opportunities for Latinos.

Latino Americans, Ep. 06 - Peril and Promise

Documentary, Series United States
A new wave of Cubans and hundreds of thousands of Latinos flee to the U.S., sparking an immigration debate while the Latino influence booms in business, sports, media, politics, and entertainment.

Los Lobos

Los lobos
Drama, Fiction Mexico
An absorbing coming-of-age story about migrant life through the prism of its most innocent figures: children.

Miguelito: A Song to Puerto Rico

Miguelito: canto a Borinquen
Documentary, Musical Colombia, Australia, Puerto Rico
Reminiscent of Searching for Sugar Man, the filmmaker follows the steps of Puerto Rico's child music sensation Miguelito. Featuring incredible archival footage of NYC in the 70s’ and salsa performances from Papo Lucca’s La Sonora Poncena, Malo Malo and many others, this is a film that celebrates the musical and cultural depth of the Caribbean.

My Bolivia, Remembering What I Never Knew

Documentary Bolivia, United States
My Bolivia is a historic road trip to make sense of a family’s and a country’s past.

My Brother

Mi hermano
Documentary Mexico, Spain
A touching experience for the film’s subjects and for its audience, My Brother follows a single woman, Gabriela, as she and her adoptive son, Alexey, decide to adopt a second boy, Mateo.

My Emptiness and I

Mi vacío y yo
Drama, Fiction Spain
Working at a Barcelona call center, romantic dreamer Raphi grapples with her gender dysphoria diagnosis. As she chases an elusive image of modern love, surprises and shifts await. A queer film classic.

My Name is Gennet

Mi Nombre es Gennet
Drama, Fiction Spain
Based on a true story, this poignant and inspirational film follows the life of Gennet Corcuer, from her childhood in extreme poverty in Ethiopia to her achievement as the first Deaf-blind woman to obtain a university degree in Europe.

Naomi Campbell, It's Not Easy to Become a Different Person

Naomi Campbell - No es fácil convertirse en otra persona
Documentary, Experimental Chile
This award-winning Chilean film combines documentary and fiction to explore the life of a poor transgender woman named Yermen as she tries out to participate on a TV competition to win a gender reassignment surgery.

Neither Hero nor Traitor

Ni héroe ni traidor
Drama, Fiction Argentina
Matías dreams of going to Spain to study music far from a dictatorship. His problems come down to convincing his girlfriend to meet him there and to get around his father’s opposition. But the playing field changes completely when the Falklands War breaks out and he is drafted along with his friends.

Ninosca

Documentary Sweden
The story of a woman who left her abusive husband and set off into the world with the dream of a simple life, seeking a way to support her family.

Nobody's Watching

Nadie nos mira
Drama, Fiction Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, United States
A fresh and unexpected take on the immigrant tale, where the journey is not to get a green card but confronting the true reasons for leaving home and redefining one’s identity in one’s own terms.

Nudo Mixteco

Nudo mixteco
Drama, Fiction Mexico
A quietly powerful triptych of stories that speak about the impact of migration and the plight of indigenous women in a rural Mixtec village in Oaxaca.

Off the Road

Fuera del camino
Documentary, Musical Mexico, United States
Each year, the slow-paced lifestyle on Mexico’s largest desert in Baja Peninsula is given a turbo boost by the Baja 1000, the largest off-road motorsport race in the world.

On This Side of the World

A este lado del mundo
Drama, Fiction Spain
A deep and global look at migrations, borders, and the most insurmountable walls erected by mankind, directed by David Trueba.

On the Roof

El techo
Comedy, Drama, Fiction, Romance Cuba, Nicaragua
A deliciously offbeat romantic comedy from Cuba, On the Roof doesn’t shy away from tackling the problems facing contemporary youth.

On the Starting Line

La arrancada
Documentary Cuba, France
This intimate family chronicle, seen from the perspective of two women, unfolds the portrait of a generation unsure of what’s next in Cuba.

Once Upon a Place

Documentary United States
“La Nacional” is a nondescript building in New York City that welcomed thousands of immigrants to the United States over its 150-year history. The building itself narrates its striking story.

Over the Waves: A Story of Flamenco in the U.S.

Sobre las olas
Documentary, Musical United States
For over a hundred years, the art of flamenco has been crossing the ocean into distant places. Many have fallen in love with the deep song, the cry, the rhythm. Over the Waves explores the tradition of flamenco art in the US: its origins, protagonists, and its identity as a nomadic and hybrid art form.

Panama Canal Stories

Historias del Canal
Drama, Fiction, Romance Panama
Spanning a century, from 1913 to 2013, this impressive, sweeping historical drama chronicles five incredible stories of people who helped build the famous canal and Panama itself.

Perro Bomba

Perro bomba
Drama, Fiction Chile, France
Steevens is a young Haitian immigrant living a challenging, but somewhat stable life in Santiago de Chile: he has a construction job, a home, friends, and fun. This precariously balanced life is disrupted when a childhood friend arrives seeking assistance to establish himself.

Red Gold

Oro Rojo
Documentary, Animation Spain
An exploration into the Moroccan women's protest in Huelva's strawberry fields providing insight into challenges faced by marginalized communities.

Return to Cuba

Volver a Cuba
Documentary Cuba, Canada
After 18 years living in Italy, Barbara Ramos returns to live in the town of Santa Clara, in Cuba, her homeland. Through the projects of family and friends, she discovers what has changed, what hasn’t, and what will likely never change in her country.

Returned

Documentary United States
As three families are deported to Honduras, the film explores the experience of being returned to a familiar, yet increasingly unsafe situation.

Russian Red

Vermelho russo
Drama, Fiction, Comedy, Adventure Brazil
Marta and Manu are two Brazilian actresses that decide to move to Moscow to study the Stanislavski method. There, wrapped inside a love triangle, they overcome their differences.

Santiago, Italia

Documentary Italy
Filmmaker Nanni Moretti recounts the 1973 coup d'état in Chile, which put an end to Salvador Allende's democratic government.

Saturday Night

Documentary Canada
A poetic and bittersweet snapshot of aging in a foreign urban setting, viewed through the eyes of three Latin American immigrants and their connection to dance.

Song for Cuba

Documentary, Experimental Canada
A young Cuban couple chart a new course for themselves on an island in the North Atlantic.

Spain in Two Trenches: The Civil War in Color

Documentary Spain
The extraordinary and moving story of the convulsive years of the Spanish Civil War (1935-1939) is explained as never seen before thanks to the coloring and restoration of 150,000 frames.

Stanbrook

Drama Spain
As the Spanish Civil War winds down, the Port of Alicante is a beacon of desperation and hope. Thousands await ships hired by the Republic to escape.

Steel Life

Vida ferrea
Documentary Peru, Spain
A train trek from Andes to Pacific, Steel Life exposes the sociopolitical complexities of Peru, rich in resources but poor in health and education.

Tania Libre

Tania libre
Documentary Cuba, United States, Germany
In a fascinating and novel approach, Lynn Hershman Leeson allows us to eavesdrop on one of the world’s most celebrated—and daring—Cuban artists, Tania Bruguera’s session with Dr. Frank Ochberg, a New York-based psychiatrist and pioneer in post-traumatic stress disorder and the Stockholm syndrome.

That Was Life

La vida era eso
Drama Spain
Maria's tranquil life takes a turn when a young hospital patient's condition worsens, sparking a journey celebrating the possibilities of dignity.

The Day That Lasted 21 Years

O dia que durou 21 anos
Documentary Brazil, United States
A look at how and why the United States supported a conspiracy to overthrow the Brazilian elected President Joao Goulart in 1964, when Ambassador Lincoln Gordon planned South America's longest military dictatorship with the support of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson.

The Deer

Oreina
Drama, Fiction Spain
Khalil is a rootless young man who lives in the city’s margins, spending his days with a poacher who shares a house with a brother he has not talked to for years. On the shores of the marsh, the tides mark the time for love and indifference, friendship and revenge.

The Empty Classroom

El aula vacía
Documentary, Fiction Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, El Salvador
To explore the dropout crisis in Latin America, creative director Gael García Bernal gathered 11 award-winning filmmakers who have created a captivating anthology of short films that delve into the underlying reasons, from poverty to societal traditions, why students aren’t graduating.

The German Neighbor

El vecino alemán
Documentary, Fiction Argentina
The German Neighbor follows the steps of Adolf Eichmann’s awkward and unusual life in Argentina, and his remarkable defense at the trial in Jerusalem.

The Journey of Monalisa

Documentary Chile, United States
Chilean-born performer and writer Iván Monalisa fully embraces his / her dual selves: scrappy, masculine Iván as well as diva, transvestite sex-worker Monalisa.

The Return

El regreso
Drama, Fiction, Comedy Costa Rica
A delightful and life-changing journey back to Costa Rica. After living 10 years in New York, 30 year-old Antonio returns to San José where he is forced to deal with the realities he ran away from

The Rock

La roca
Documentary Spain
Despite being declared enemies by their countries, people in the Rock of Gibraltar and La Linea depended on each other, got married, and lived with their bilingual children. But Franco’s decision to close entrance to the British territory forced the separation of thousands of mixed families.

The Territories

Los territorios
Documentary Argentina, Brazil
An engrossing exploration into what it means to be a journalist, the film is about how we approach the conflicts and the role the press plays in times of fake news.

The Travel Agent

Pequeñas mentiras piadosas
Documentary Cuba, Spain, Italy
From her tiny office overlooking the U.S. Interests Section, 58-year old Lourdes counsels thousands of Cubans seeking a U.S. travel visas. She coaches them on answering tricky questions, fine-tuning their stories so they have a better chance of succeeding.

The Wall: The Effect of its Imposing Presence on Migrant Families

Documentary United States
A firsthand look at the reality of the Hispanic population in the United States and the current undocumented immigration crisis, touching on topics such as the U.S.-Mexico border wall, the effects of family separation at the border, deportation, and DACA.

They Called Me King Tiger: A Biography of the Chicano Malcolm X

Me llamaban el Rey Tigre
Documentary Mexico
A balanced view of Reies López Tijerina, who inspired Mexican-American college students of the late 1960s and early 1970s to start the Chicano Civil Rights Movement that stressed ethnic pride, ethnic studies, and opposition to police brutality.

Time Theorem

Teorema de tiempo
Documentary Mexico
Years after the death of my grandmother Anita, I found thousands of photographs and hundreds of home movies. The images revealed their secret profession as amateur filmmakers.

We Still Have the Deep Black Night

Ainda tenemos a imensidao da noite
Drama Brazil
Karen, a trumpeter and singer, decides to go to Germany to consolidate her career.

What Happens to a Dream Deferred

Documentary United States
An intimate portrait of a day in the life of two DACA recipients whose lives were thrown into limbo after the program was rescinded on September 5, 2017.

What Would You Pack?

Documentary United States
What would you pack in the suitcase of a loved one, if they were going to be deported?

When You No Longer Love Me

Cuando dejes de quererme
Fiction, Romance Spain
While investigating her father's death, Laura learns of the Spanish hard times during the ETA's war against the Franquist Regime, and her family's possible involvement in those crimes.

Where I Grow Old

Cidade onde envelheço
Drama, Fiction Brazil, Portugal
A deep friendship grows between two Portuguese women living in Brazil, forcing them to deal with conflicting desires: a will to leave for an unknown country and a longing for home.

Why

ЧОМУ
Documentary Spain
The war in Ukraine told through the eyes of Ukrainian women.

Wilaya

Drama, Fiction Spain
With unprecedented access to the Sahrawi community, Pedro Pérez Rosado, provides a voice to this unrepresented group of refugees living in a Saharan refugee camp and their struggle for independence.

Zoila

Documentary Chile
When Gabriela discovers that Zoila, her childhood Mapuche indigenous nanny, doesn’t appear in the family tapes, she begins to question her mother's social construct.